Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood mental condition that can last into adolescence and adulthood. It affects more boys than girls. Patients with ADHD have difficulty focusing and paying attention, controlling behavior and impulsivity, and sometimes problems with learning and listening. These symptoms can make school and life at home very difficult for the patients and their families.

The hallmark symptoms of ADHD include inattention (easily distracted, daydreaming, difficulty focusing on one thing), hyperactivity (fidgeting in seats, having trouble sitting still, nonstop talking), and impulsivity (impatience, blurting out inappropriate comments, and difficulty waiting turns). It is normal for all children to be inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive sometimes, but for children with ADHD, these behaviors are more severe and occur more often and interfere with daily responsibilities and relationships.

ADHD likely results from a combination of factors, including genetics, family history, and environmental factors. Previous brain injuries may also increase the risk of ADHD.

Treatment for ADHD focuses on reducing symptoms and improving daily function. Medications can improve symptoms related to inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity. These include stimulants, such as amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse) and methylphenidates (Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin), and non-stimulants, such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and guanfacine (Intuniv). Behavioral therapy is also an essential component of ADHD treatment.

The causes and risk factors for ADHD are unknown, but current research shows that ADHD is likely caused by a combination of factors, including:

• Genetics
• Brain injury
• Environmental exposures (e.g., lead)
• Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy
• Premature delivery
• Low birth weight

Parenting, or social, and certain environmental factors may or may not cause ADHD, but these factors might make symptoms worse.

Talk with a doctor if inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity cause ongoing problems at school, work, or home. A proper evaluation can confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment.